Turkish Travertine Stones

Türkiye: the largest travertine stone deposit in the world

For thousands of years, the hot springs and hot pools in Pamukale, Türkiye, have been a spiritual, cultural and entertainment destination. In the second century BC, the ancient Greek and Roman city of Herapolis was built on terraces of travertine, a rock formed after calcium carbonate was precipitated from hot water. At the nearby Cleopatra Pool, visitors can swim in the broken columns that collapsed during the Laudiya earthquake in the early seventh century AD.

Türkiye's "Cotton Castle": the world's largest travertine stone deposit - LMLPHP

The world's largest such rock deposit is located in western Anatolia, Türkiye, where the crust is being pulled apart. This extension of the earth's crust has created many faults and fractures, accompanied by volcanic, seismic, and geothermal activity.

One of the largest parts is the 6 km long Pamukalai Plateau, located on the northern edge of the Denizli Basin, where the average thickness of rock is 50 meters. On the side of the uplift of the Pamukalai fault, white calcite terraces and curbstone pools are stacked one after another, with cliffs exceeding 200 meters high, which are very spectacular. Pamukalai is named for its bright white rock, which translates as "Cotton Castle" or "Cotton Palace.".

The Pamukalai deposit, shown in white in the above image, covers 12 square kilometers. This image was obtained by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASA's Terra satellite on October 9, 2021. The image was captured under visible light and near infrared (bands 3,2,1), with vegetation showing red.

The temperature of these pools and springs ranges from 19 to 57 degrees Celsius (65 to 135 degrees Fahrenheit), although some can reach temperatures above 100 degrees Celsius. Travertine stones are formed when rainwater seeps into networks of faults and fractures and is heated by magma deep underground. Hot water leaches calcium, magnesium, and other minerals from limestone bedrock. The saturated solution then seeps back to the surface, emerging again from springs on the surface, where minerals precipitate.

Travertine stone deposits in this area have a history of at least 600000 years, starting from the Pleistocene era. However, most of the deposition of Pamukalai occurred over the past 50000 years. Research shows that the current hydrothermal and sedimentary system was established after the Laodikeia earthquake in the seventh century.

In addition, the temperature system will also change over time. Calcite travertines are precipitated from warmer springs, while more porous diagrammatic deposits are formed at lower temperatures. The dating and geochemical analysis of the sediments indicate that the water temperature has decreased since the Pleistocene era.

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